The 15 ultra-processed food and drinks linked to 32 damaging health effects

Eating a lot of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) such as sugary cereals, ready meals and fizzy drinks has been linked to 32 harmful health issues, including poor mental health and a greater risk of dying from heart issues, according to a study. UPFs are usually higher in fat, sugar and salt and contain chemicals, colourings, sweeteners and preservatives that extend shelf life.

An umbrella review conducted by academics in Australia analysed 14 review articles published in the last three years which associated UPFs with poor health outcomes. These included 9.9 million people, with data on exposure to UPFs coming from the likes of food questionnaires and dietary history

The team graded the evidence by convincing, highly suggestive, suggestive, weak or no evidence. Based on “convincing” evidence, a higher UPF intake was associated with a 50% greater risk of death from cardiovascular disease, a 12% greater risk of type 2 diabetes, and a 48-53% greater risk of developing anxiety.

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There was also “highly suggestive” evidence that eating more UPFs could increase the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, sleep problems and dying from heart disease by 40-66%, as well as a 22% greater risk of developing depression and a 21% greater risk of death from any cause

Researchers said that the evidence between UPF intake and “asthma, gastrointestinal health, some cancers, and intermediate cardiometabolic risk factors remains limited and warrants further investigation”.

The study encompassed a broad range of ready to eat products, including:

According to the British Heart Foundation, meanwhile, UFPs can include:

Other popular drinks that can be ultra-processed also include: