Why did humans start speaking? Scientists point to a specific gene

Scientists have identified a particular gene that they say could be tied to the ancient origins of spoken language, which was key to humans’ survival.

Speech allowed us to share information, coordinate activities and pass down knowledge, giving us an edge over extinct cousins like Neanderthals and Denisovans.

The new study, published in the journal Nature Communications, proposes that a protein variant found only in humans may have helped us communicate in a novel way.

It is “a good first step to start looking at the specific genes” that may affect speech and language development, said Liza Finestack at the US-based University of Minnesota, who was not involved with the research.

What scientists learn may someday even help people with speech problems.

The genetic variant researchers were looking at was one of a variety of genes "that contributed to the emergence of Homo sapiens as the dominant species, which we are today,” said Dr Robert Darnell, one of the study’s authors.

Darnell has been studying the protein – called NOVA1 and known to be crucial to brain development – since the early 1990s.

For the latest research, scientists in his lab at New York's Rockefeller University used CRISPR gene editing to replace the NOVA1 protein found in mice with the exclusively human type to test the real-life effects of the genetic variant.

To their surprise, it changed the way the animals vocalised when they called out to each other.

Baby mice with the human variant squeaked differently than normal littermates when their mom came around. Adult male mice with the variant chirped differently than their normal counterparts when they saw a female in heat.

Both are settings where mice are motivated to speak, Darnell said, “and they spoke